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Before modern hospitals and pharmacies became widely accessible, Lebanese families relied on herbs, olive oil, honey, household preparations and the knowledge of village healers and midwives.

Long before some of the best remembered women of the Arab Nahda rose to prominence, Esther Azhari Moyal, a Jewish woman born in Beirut in 1873, was writing in Arabic, organizing women, translating European literature and publicly challenging arguments about women’s intellectual abilities.